Content and Function Words in English

Each word in English belongs to one of the eight parts of speech. Each word is also either a content word  or a function word. Lets think about what these two types mean: Content Words vs. Function Words Content information, meaningFunction necessary words for grammar In other words, content words give us the most important information while function words are used to stitch those words together. Content Word Types Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A noun tells us which object, a verb tells us about the action happening, or the state. Adjectives give us details about objects and people and adverbs tell us how, when or where something is done. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us important information required for understanding. Noun person, place or thingVerb action, stateAdjective describes an object, person, place or thingAdverb tells us how, where or when something happens Examples: Nouns Verbs house enjoy computer purchase student visit lake understand Peter believe science look forward to Adjectives Adverbs heavy slowly difficult carefully careful sometimes expensive thoughtfully soft often fast suddenly Other Content Words While nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the most important content words, there are a few other words that are also key to understanding. These include negatives like no, not and never; demonstrative pronouns including this, that, these and those;  and question words like what, where, when, how and why. Function Word Types Function words help us connect important information. Function words are important for understanding, but they add little meaning beyond defining the relationship between two words. Function words include auxiliary verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns. Auxiliary verbs are used to establish the tense, prepositions show relationships in time and space, articles show us something that is specific or one of many, and pronouns refer to other nouns. Auxiliary verbs do, be, have (help with conjugation of tense)Prepositions show relationships in time and spaceArticles used to indicate specific or non-specific nounsConjunctions words that connectPronouns refer to other nouns Examples: Auxiliary Verbs Prepositions do in has at will though is over has been between did under    Articles Conjunctions Pronouns a and I an but you the for him so us since ours as she Knowing the difference between content and functions words is important because content words are stressed in conversation in English. Function words are non-stressed. In other words, function words are not emphasized in speech, while content words are highlighted. Knowing the difference between content and function words can help you in understanding, and, most importantly, in pronunciation skills. Exercise Decide which words are function and content words in the following sentences. Mary has lived in England for ten years.Hes going to fly to Chicago next week.I dont understand this chapter of the book.The children will be swimming in the ocean this time next week.John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived.The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.The trees along the river are beginning to blossom.Our friends called us yesterday and asked if wed like to visit them next month.Youll be happy to know that shes decided to take the position.I wont give away your secret. Check your answers below: Exercise Answers Content words are in bold. Mary has lived in England for ten years.Hes going to fly to Chicago next week.I dont understand this chapter of the book.The children will be swimming in the ocean at five oclock.John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived.The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.The trees along the river are beginning to blossom.Our friends called us yesterday and asked if wed like to visit them next month.Youll be happy to know that shes decided to take the position.I wont give away your secret.

Utilitarianism and Happiness - 945 Words

Utilitarianism In his book, J.S. Mill attempts to build on Jeremy Benthams original idea of Utilitarianism. His definition of the moral theory is one that is grounded in Benthams original work but also extends to include remarks to criticisms of Utilitarianism. Mill believes that, like Bentham, utility is what is valuable to society. Utility, according to Mill, is the promotion of pleasure or the absence of pain. He defines this as happiness, which is why he refers to utility as the Greatest Happiness Principle (Mill 55). Thus, pleasure (or painlessness) is what society finds valuable. Because society finds happiness valuable, it must attempt to maximize total happiness. Mill describes that the presence of pleasure and the absence†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, what is necessary to contemplate is not the utility of the action worth praising but the praise itself. This means that praise is its own action and not a remark on a previous action. The idea that praising actions that one may not approve may not sit well with dissenters of utilitarianism immediately. One might find that immoral and wrong. However, in the case of a utilitarian, whose moral actions are based the fact that the overall happiness of society is valuable and one must do all they can to maximize it, one can see that if an action goes against your ideals, but can bring about the greatest happiness, one must, according to Utilitarianism, commit that action. For instance, in Smarts article, he tells of a story where the initial actions of a blacksmith incorrectly mounting a horseshoe led to the loss of the horse that led to the loss of a knight and ultimately the loss of the kingdom. The question here is who to blame? The knight? The blacksmith? The horse? In response, Smart said: Whose was the responsibility? The act-utilitarian will quite consistently reply that the notion of the responsibility is a piece of metaphysical nonsense and should be replaced by ‘Whom would it be useful to blame? (Smart 54) Essentially, Utilitarianism states that who to blame does not matter because it does nothing to promote pleasure or demote pain. However, what does matter who could be blamed that would lead to moreShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism : The Pursuit Of Happiness1566 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism according to mill is the pursuit of happiness in addition to the â€Å"prevention or mitigation of unhappiness (930). Utilitarianism is focused on maximizing happiness, in the greatest quality and quantity, of all sentient creation. What is ethical is thus determined by the end result towards self and society (amount of happiness) rather than the motive or action. Mill describes that actions are right if they â€Å"tend to produce happiness† (intended pleasure) and wrong if they â€Å"tend to produceRead MoreUtilitarianism, Or The Greatest Happiness Principle1407 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, states that the morality of an action should be judged based on the extent to which it produces happiness, or the opposite of happiness—an action is good as long as the result is happiness, and deemed bad if it results in pain. A clearer understanding of what Utilitarianism is can be gained by John Stuart Mill’s characterization of what it is not. He states, â€Å"I believe that the very imperfect notion ordinarily formed of its meaning, is the chiefRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism and Happiness845 Words   |  4 Pagesactions worth is determined by maximizing utility (pleasure or happiness).it looks at the consequence of an action as to whether the outcome is good to the majority of people affected by it. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule, two level, motive, negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G., John C. 2009) In act utilitarianism, when people have to make choices, they should co nsider theRead MoreUtilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle1176 Words   |  5 PagesUtilitarianism John S. Mill describes utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory is focused on the end result (a consequential theory) rather than the motive behind it. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the action’s results. The action is morally ethical as long as it produces the greatest happiness for the majority of people involved. Mill mentions, â€Å"†¦ the greatest happiness principle holdsRead MoreUtilitarianism : The Greatest Happiness Principle1574 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is best referred to as the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle.† This means that when one considers himself as a utilitarian, he believes it is only right to judge the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the consequences. In other words, â€Å"actions are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when they promote the reverse† (Nubcaek 2011). T he principle of utility helps to capture an idea of the good is that which produces the greatest benefit, greatest advantage, orRead MoreEssay about Utilitarianism: The Greatest Happiness Principle528 Words   |  3 PagesUtilitarianism was first brought up along the nourishing of â€Å"The Greatest Happiness Principle† introduced by Jeremy Bentham and further developed by John Stuart Mill, who was a follower of Bentham (Sweet, 2013). Based upon its principle, Utilitarianism states that to be good is to generate the greatest possible amount of happiness for the greatest number. In contrast with rational egoism, Utilitarianism focuses more on maximizing the overall net happiness of the majority. When facing a decision toRead MoreUtilitarianism Essays : The Happiest And Pleasure Of The Most People Not Included The Personal Happiness1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe unsound of utilitarianism The utilitarianism theory is described as the happiest and pleasure of the most people not included the personal happiness. Jeremy Bentham believes there were two masters in this world that are pleasure and pain. On utilitarianism, we should reject pain and found a way to make more people happy no matter what the outcome. Utilitarianism is unsound because of events in history, life conflict, and animal cruelty that occurs in our everyday. All thru history, it has shownRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Utilitarianism954 Words   |  4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the ethical belief that the happiness of the greatest number of people is the greatest good. Jeremy Betham and John Stuart Mill are two philosophers that were leading advocates for the utilitarianism that we study today. In order to understand the basis of utilitarianism, one must know what happiness is. John Stuart Mill defines happiness as the intended pleasure and absence of pain while unhappiness is pain and the privation of pleasure. UtilitariansRead MoreUtilitarianism Essay529 Words   |  3 PagesUtilitarianism Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory. An action is right or wrong based on its consequences. John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher in developing the idea of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that any action that results in a greater amount of happiness in the world is a right action and any action that results in pain or less happiness is wrong. Utilitarianism can be divided into different versions. Act utilitarianism is one of the versions ofRead MoreUtilitarianism : Bentham And Mill766 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century.

Financial Report Analysis free essay sample

Incitec Pivot Limited (IPL), is leading global chemical manufacturer supplying agricultural fertilisers and industrial chemicals to the Australian and overseas markets. The objective of this report was to analyse and understand how the accounting policies and strategies implemented by IPL impacted their financial performance. The analysis is based on IPL’s annual report which outlines the selected accounting policies, business strategy and performance. Firstly, the report summarises IPL’s activities and strategies during the financial years ending 30th September 2009 and 2010. Secondly, the report identifies the key accounting policies and assesses management’s flexibility in selecting them. Also, the report evaluates the quality of disclosure in IPL’s annual report, identifies potential questionable numbers and attempts to undo any possible distortions in the numbers. Finally, the report examines the financial press discussion of IPL’s performance and accounting numbers. The absence of any impairment [write-down] of intangible assets [13 per cent of Goodmans total asset base, and included in the covenant gearing calculation] was a surprise, Deutsche Bank said. Read more: http://www. smh. com. au/business/writedown-is-not-a-dirty-wordjust-look-at-goodman-group-20090227-8kb1. html#ixzz1YvZOrW5P 1. Summary of IPL’s activities and strategies Incitec Pivot Limited is a leading global chemicals company which has nitrogen-based manufacturing as its core activity. (Incitec Pivot Limited, 2009) The company is involved in the manufacture, trading and distribution of fertilisers, industrial explosives and chemicals. It was formed as a result of the merger between Incitec Fertilizers and Pivot in 2003 and 2006 and expanded by purchasing Southern Cross Fertilizers. IPL owns a portfolio of recognised and trusted brands and is the number one supplier for fertilizers and the number three supplier of explosives in Australia as well as being the prime supplier of explosive products and services in North America. (Incitec Pivot Limited, 2009) The company operates in Canada, USA, Mexico and Australia and has 4500 employees worldwide. The company has grown due to international demand for the four F`s: food, feed, fibre and fuel. IPL supplies 50% of Australia’s agricultural nutrient needs and also assisted Australian farmers to develop sustainable farming. The volatility of the market during the global financial crisis had an adverse impact on IPL. NPAT (excluding individually material items) decreased by 46% from $647. 5m in 2008 to $347. 8m in 2009. IPL’s Velocity efficiency program enabled it to make a significant return to the market in 2010 with a NPAT of $442. 8m (excluding individually material items), which was an increase of $95m. (IPL, Annual report, 2010). 2. Key accounting policies and Accounting Standards 2. 1 Revenue Recognition – AASB 118 Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Trade allowances, amounts collected on behalf of third parties and net of returns comprise the revenue. Revenue is recognised as sales revenue, interest income and dividend receivable. Sales revenue is recognised when the considerable risks and rewards of the ownership have been transferred to the buyer. Interest income is recognised on an accrual basis, while dividend receivable recognition occurs when it is declared or received. 2. 2 Foreign Currency Translation – AASB 121 Items presented in the financial statements of each of the Group`s entities are measured using the functional currency. IPL’s presentation currency is the Australian dollar, the currency used to present its consolidated financial statements. Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rate on the day the transaction occurs. Foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income, except when they are `deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges`. These have been calculated following the AASB 121 `The effects of changes in Foreign exchange rates` and AASB 139 `Financial instruments – recognition and measurement`. 2. 3 Income Taxes – AASB 112 The current and deferred tax constitutes the income tax expense which is shown in the statement of comprehensive income. The current tax comprises tax that has to be paid on the taxable income for that period at tax rates as of the reporting date. It also includes adjustments of the past period’s tax payable relating to deferred tax assets and liabilities. The balance sheet method is used to calculate deferred tax. . 4 Consolidation – AASB 127 According to AASB 127, â€Å"consolidated financial statements shall include all subsidiaries of the parent† the financial statements of IPL adhere to this. Furthermore, all inter-company transactions, unrealised gains and losses (unless they occurred as a result of impairment of assets) and balances are eliminated. Investments in subsidiaries are recorded at cost. 2. 5 Impairment of Assets – AASB 136 The impairment test of goodwill is conducted annually or more frequently, if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. Assets subject to amortisation are tested for impairment when events demonstrate that the carrying amount cannot be recovered. Where the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount, an impairment loss would be recognised. 3. Management’s flexibility in selecting key accounting policies If management can be flexible in selecting accounting policies, they can significantly influence financial performance. As per the 2010 Annual Report, the managers of IPL had various levels of flexibility with the items below: 3. 1 Foreign currency transactions – Low Flexibility Foreign currency transactions are a crucial element in the development of IPL as a multinational company, because every movement in the exchange rate has an impact on its performance. As stated in the Annual report 2010, any gains or losses from the settlement of the transactions and the translation of the exchange rates of the assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are recognized in the income statement. The flexibility of management regarding this accounting policy is low, because the transactions are translated at a functional currency using the exchange rates valid at the date of the transaction. . 2 Derivative financial instruments – Low Flexibility Derivative instruments have been used by the Group in order to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange, commodity price and interest rate risks occurring as a result of the operational, investment and financing activities. While hedging motivates management’s flexibility to lock in company profits and pro tect them from the volatile exchange rates, it subtracts the profits made under the falling exchange rates. 3. 3 Interest Bearing Liabilities – Medium Flexibility The current interest bearing liabilities decreased significantly from $432. m in 2009 to $108. 5m in 2010. This was a consequence of the company’s issue of the US$800m 144A Bond in December 2009, which increased the diversity and tenor of their debt. During the year ended 30 September 2010 interest of $25. 2m was capitalised relating to interest bearing liabilities used specifically to fund qualifying assets as defined in AASB 123 Borrowing costs. 3. 4 Intangible Assets – Goodwill – High Flexibility As per the 2010 Annual Report, intangible assets represent the largest item of IPL’s total assets at 56%. They consist predominantly of Goodwill at 85%. Adjustments made to goodwill include additions, acquisition of business, impairment of assets and foreign exchange movement. IPL does not amortise goodwill but impairs it annually and as a result in 2010, the company recognised a non-cash impairment charge of $nil compared to $490. 6m in 2009. 4. Accounting strategy employed by management and incentives The accounting strategy management chooses will have a positive or negative impact on financial performance and business operations. The managers at IPL implemented accounting policies that enhanced financial performance in the long term. . 1Evaluation of accounting strategy employed by management Management implemented a strategy to reduce debt levels and improve the gearing ratio of Net Debt/EBITDA by issuing a 10 year bond worth $800m in December 2009. The proceeds from this bond issue were used to repay and cancel the Working Capital Facility with the remaining proceeds used to partially repay the Syndicated Facility. (IPL, Annual report, 2010). The gearing ratio was 1. 39 in 2010 and 1. 97 in 2009. As per the 2010 Statement of Financial Position, Net debt decreased by $366. 3m from $1,463. m in 2009 to $1,097. 1m in 2010. This was as a result of improved operating cash flows and the benefit of carrying the debt in US dollars rather than the Australian dollar which appreciated during 2010. 4. 2 Evaluation of incentives strategy employed by management IPL’s aim is to generate competitive returns for its shareholders through its strategy, and their philosophy is that the remuneration strategy should support the objectives of the business. The majority of the Executives remuneration is â€Å"at risk† and linked to performance and the creation of sustained shareholder value. For example, the Long Term Incentive Plan measured in 2010 Plan was established in 2007 and the Plan required IPL’s total shareholder returns (TSR), measured over the three year period to 30 September 2010, to be greater than 10% per annum compounded over the period. The Company’s TSR was 2. 64% per annum and, accordingly, no awards were made to Executives under the 2007/10 LTI Plan. (Annual Report , 2010) Refer Appendix 1 for table of % of Total Remuneration Annualised. This incentive is related to the strategy to improve financial performance. 5. The quality of the disclosure made in the accounts IPL Limited is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and is therefore subject to continuous disclosure obligations (corporate governance statement, remuneration report, shares, etc) under the ASX Listing rules and Corporations Act 2001. IPL’s Board has implemented the proper and timely disclosure of information to shareholders and the market. IPL uses its website (as well as) other sources to communicate via annual/half yearly reports, share price movements, sensitive and other relevant announcements to ASX. The financial report of IPL Limited highlights its business strategy. It is well structured and informative and in accordance with AASB 101 â€Å"Presentation of Financial Statements†, International Financial Reporting Standards and the Corporation Act 2001. The disclosure quality in the IPL annual report was adequate and informative and complied with ASX, the Corporation Act 2001, IFRSs, IASB and AASB. Table 1: Examples of IPL’s high and low quality disclosures Quality| Disclosure| High| â€Å"Restatement of prior year tax benefit† clearly describes the reason for the change and varied result in terms of Net Profit After Tax for 2009. Refer Appendix 2. High| Operating Segments AASB 8 replaces Segment Reporting AASB 114; this disclosure clearly outlines the change of IPL’s composition from 2 main businesses to four segments. Refer appendix 5. | Low| Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities Notes 19 and 24 are circular and less than transparent. As these numbers are not explained, it is very difficult to understand how the numbers were calculated. | 6. Potential questionable numbers 6. 1Deferred Tax Assets amp; Liabilities In 2010 financial report both deferred tax assets and liabilities decreased by 80% and 65% respectively. The quality of the disclosure is low and questionable. (see table above) Like other companies listed on ASX, IPL could have an exclusive arrangement with the ATO that they are unable to disclose. As a result, DTA and DTL balances would be questionable in almost all annual reports. Refer appendix 3. 6. 2 Cash and cash equivalents In the year from September 2009 to 2010, the amount of cash and cash equivalents decreased 157% which is significant. Currently, the company has $48. 7m which represents 39% of the cash and cash equivalents in 2009. For a company whose business strategy focuses on growth, financing the acquisition of Nitromak with cash is a questionable decision. An alternative strategy could have been to finance the acquisition with debt, preserving cash resources. 7. Undoing distortions in the numbers On thorough review of 2010 annual report, IPL did not have any obvious areas of distortion. However, the acquisition of Nitromak is a possible area of distortion with regard intangible assets. When reviewing the stated fair value of the 50% equity interest held before acquisition, the consideration amount paid of $97. 1m is $22. m higher than the fair value amount of $74. 8m. Refer appendix 5. Considering IPL held the original 50% interest at fair value it is interesting that the remaining 50% would attract such a premium, hence intangible assets could be overstated. As per note 18, goodwill allocated to Nitromak is $142. 9m, considering the total consideration was $171. 9m, it is very high at 83% and it may have been fair to recognise an impairment loss in 2010. We can support this assumption that asset values may be distorted in the reports due to the write down in 2009 in the carrying value of the Dyno Nobel goodwill of $490. m, the year after acquisition. Table 2: Possible distorted items and adjustments | +/- adjustment| Notes| Intangible Assets| -$22. 3m (overstated)| | Cash amp; Cash Equivalents| +$22. 3m (understated)| The amount IPL paid for the remaining 50% should have equalled the fair value being 74. 8m. | 8. Summary of financial press discussion of IPL’s performance and accounting numbers During the GFC, IPL reported a full-year loss of $179. 9m to September 30, 2009 compared with a profit of $604. 6m in the prior year. IPL wrote down $490. 6m in the non-cash mark to market carrying value of Dyno Nobel goodwill. In 2009, net profit excluding material items slumped 46% to $347. 8m, as sales from the fertiliser business fell 32% to $1. 59 billion due to the challenging conditions in Australia and seasonal conditions in North America. The company is quoted as stating it would also benefit from its Velocity program, with $US60m ($A65. 05m) of savings targeted for fiscal 2010. (SMH, 2009) In 2010, IPL bounced back into profit despite the surging Australian dollar. The company announced a $412m profit compared with a loss of $179. 9m that was restated upwards to $221m in 2009.

Mozart Essay free essay sample

Mozart In 1756, a musical genius was born, one that would Influence music throughout the course of history. The prodigy Im referring to was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He became a musicals and composer that Influenced culture during his life, after his death, and even to this day we his cultural Influence. The legacy that Mozart passed down to us is a powerful one: the direct result from the influences in his life and his achievements. As for background information, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the son of Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria Pertly.He was born on January 27th, 1756 in Salisbury, Austria. Salisbury, up to the year of 1756, was a complex city with religious afflictions between Protestants and Catholics. From four years old, Leopold began pushing his son into playing music. Young Mozart was able to play complete piano pieces before the age of five. Without the influence of his father, his musical talent may have never been realized. We will write a custom essay sample on Mozart Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For the next four years they traveled all over Europe, from places such as London, England all the way to Vienna, Austria. After the four years on tour, the family returned to Salisbury.The news of a boy genius was spread to the ears of substantial people such as Mane Antoinette to is sons development. The exposure to different cultures and musical styles, as well as providing early career guidance and tutoring greatly developed young Wolfgang talent. Upon Mozart return he composed two operas, La Faint Simple and Abstain and Abstinent. The Order of the Golden Spur was awarded to Mozart at the age of only thirteen. The Order of the Golden Spur was awarded to those who performed outstanding acts to spread the Catholic Faith, or who have contributed to the glory of the Church, either artistically or by feat of arms.The power of the church had an immense effect upon how his music had turned out. Over twenty pieces of sacred music were composed. Many believed that his music was associated to a message of the divine; this Influenced many people to believe in the power of music. In 1771, Anna Marl and her young son Wolfgang went on tour across Europe, with the purpose of obtaining a permanent court position. They arrived in Paris in 1778. Mozart mother grew ill, which was not good at the time because they had barely any finances to take care of her. Unfortunately, that same night she passed away. The great works of Mozart were only beginning.The death of Anna Maria may have been unfortunate, but with Mozart musical career in hand, it was one of the many stepping stones to his greatest achievements. For Mozart to finally move out on his own was a giant leap for not only his career, but for himself. In fact, Mozart received a commission from the Elector of Bavaria and moved to Munich to write the operas Domino and RI did Cert. as a result. In 1781, he left for Vienna in search of fortune, and within a year he married Constance Weber. Later, one of Mozart most famous operas, Lee Nozzle De Figaro, was dedicated to a life-long friend by the name of JosephHaydn. It was such a success In both Vienna and Prague that Mozart Immediately received another commission for another opera, Don Giovanni. In 1787, Leopold been pushing him toward music since the beginning. Don Giovanni and Nine Klein Machinists were completed Just a few months later. This event marked the end of the formative influences in Mozart life. These influences developed his talent and focused his energies towards music. In his short life, Mozart would go on to write over six-hundred compositions. With these achievements and the style of whichMozart did achieve them made a huge effect on the rest of history. Mozart impacted not Just people but different cultures. People believed that his music came directly from God. Others thought that his purity and perfection was influential. Even Just the idea of creating that much work in such a short lifespan is enough to influence someone. Mozart strong foundation of influences and achievements has structured the man as we know him today. Wolfgang changed cultures all over the world with lust the simple stroke of a piano key. As Mozart would say, Oh, there are no limits to those who think imaginatively.

Rexona-It Wont Let You Down. Essay Example

Rexona Rexona-It Wont Let You Down. Essay Rexona-It Wont Let You Down. Essay INTRODUCTION My chosen product category is personal care product and the specific brand chosen within that category is Rexona deodorant which eliminates bad body odors. Rexona is a deodorant brand manufactured by Anglo Dutch Company, Unilever. It was developed in 1908 by an Australian pharmacist and his wife. Currently, Rexona has at least 8 lines of deodorant. Each line features a specific quality sought in deodorants. With Rexonas unique body-responsive technology, which releases extra protection as needed, it’s known that this deodorant ‘wont let you down’. Rexona is now one of the most preferred deodorants in the local market due to its effective and efficient marketing mix strategies. One of the major marketing mix strategies is the aggressive promotional mix activities performed by Rexona. Each promotional mix had been undertaken by Rexona in assuring its success in the industry. Rexona did their promotion steps through Advertising, Sales Promotion, Public Relations, Personal Selling and Direct Marketing. However, in completing this assignment, two out of the five promotional mix or tools will be explained in detailed which are the Advertising and Public Relations promotion mix activity. Advertising is any paid form of media communication which includes print ads in magazines, trade journals and newspapers, radio and TV announcements, Web-based visibility-building, and billboards. Through advertising, Rexona publish few TV advertisement, commercials and announcement. Public Relations activities promote a positive image, generate publicity and foster goodwill with the intent of increasing sales. Generating favorable media coverage, hosting special events and sponsoring charitable campaigns are examples of public relations activities undertaken by Rexona. QUESTIONS 1. Describe the content of the ads in terms of message, visual or picture, and sound (if any) (10 marks). The message which the advertisement tries to deliver to it’s audience is that when one has bad body odors, it automatically spoils the environment as shown in the advertisement when all the three girls were having so much fun and suddenly one of them stinks, it stops all the fun and there’s nothing to be proud of being a fun spoiler. Another message from the advertisement is that it boosts the self confidence of a person. Before using Rexona, the girl with the body odors problem need to be persuaded to join the other two to dance but after eliminating the problem with Rexona Teens spray deodorant, she does not to be convinced anymore to join in the fun. This advertisement also sends a message of being happy and healthy teenagers who know how to take care of their body odors are the perfect kind of teenagers also the perfect attitude teenagers should posses. The picture in the advertisement are all very exciting with colorful paintings, settings and decorations which automatically sets the environment of actives teenagers who never dies out of idea to make their live as interesting as possible. Since this particular range of Rexona Teens were aimed on teenage girls, the visual are set to be as kinky as it can possibly be. In a way, the three beautiful girls used in the advertisement shows other viewers that no matter how beautiful or feminine one are, it’s alright to admit that one has body odors problem and find a solution towards the problem. Overall, the advertisement presents very attractive pictures and visuals which easily attract teenagers to stay quietly on the respective channel for the next thirty one seconds. The sound used in the advertisement are a very heart pumping, up to beat kind of music sang by the chicky girls, The Spice Girls title â€Å"If You Wanna Be My Lover†. This particular song totally pumps up the whole advertisement to be as enjoyable as it can possibly be. When the girls were having so much fun, the song shows the type of fun they were experiencing. However, when they smell something stinky, the song which was on the peak of its chorus suddenly stops like a dead end which gives viewers the feeling of dissatisfied with bad odors. When the commentator was talking about the product, the excitement in the song was once again played on thus it brings out the felling of relief for the viewers. 2. Describe the details of media used by the ad campaign (4 marks). The ad campaign used by Rexona is a TV commercial advertisement which was first shown on our local television on April 2007. This particular advertisement had also been shown several times on our local television that is TV3. Most of the time, this advertisement was played repeatedly in between the popular Indonesian drama titled ‘Bawang Merah, Bawang Putih’ which is schedule to every Monday to Thursday from 2. 30pm to 3. 30pm. The advertisement also was seen on TV3 during the ‘That’s So Raven’ show on every Friday at 5. 30pm showing on April 2007 and in between the ‘Lizzie Mc Quire’ show on every Saturday at 9. 00pm starting May 2007. 3. Describe in detail the target audience of the ad campaign (2 marks). The ad campaign is designed to aim and target the active teenagers who always find ways and means to boost their self confidence and self esteem in pursuing their daily life activities. It is also targeted to teenagers with body odors problem to help them solves their misery. The aim is also on young and chicky teenage girls who loves to pampered and feel good of themselves. 4. Discuss why you believe the ad would appeal to the target audience (7 marks). The first reason is on the approach of the advertisement towards its target audience which is the teenagers. The approached used by the advertising members are based on humors which totally clicked with the mind and thinking of teenagers. The advertisement was quiet hilarious that it will keep on playing in their mind thus creates awareness towards the products automatically. On the other hand, the young teenage girls used for the aid resembled beautiful, cheerful, happy, active and smart teenagers which also drives the teenage viewers to copy their doings and don’ts which indirectly gives the idea of to be as hip as they are one should be using Rexona Teens deodorant and not others. The excitement, enjoyment and the vibrant energy that is shown in the advertisement would be good enough to appeal to the teenagers. Drama slot such as ‘Bawang Merah, Bawang Putih’, the ‘Lizzie Mc Quire’ show and ‘That’s So Raven’ are mainly watched by teenagers. During these shows, most of the teenagers are in their most feminine mood and especially after watching all the girlish stuff, personal care product would be the first thing they could think of. Repeating the Rexona Teens advertisement during these types of teenagers genre sitcom is among the beat was to inform the target audience the existence of the product. The multimedia technology used in the advertisement is also appealing to the teenagers as it brings the advertisement to a new era and creates the felling of refreshment and up to date kind of satisfaction. With the video conferencing technology shown in the advertisement, it gives teenagers ideas of another activity that can be done to exhilarate the fun. Thus, whenever these teenagers plans to established their video on the net which most teenagers nowadays do, it gives them the idea of Rexona Teens advertisement. 5. Describe the promotion activity used (4 marks). You may attach any picture or details in the appendix. The promotion activity used by Rexona is public relations. With effective public relations, Rexona can increase sales through favorable, nonpaid media coverage and enhance their companys image. Rexona generate publicity through special events, sponsorships, and community activities. On July 2005, Rexona once again held the Rexona â€Å"No Sweat† Challenge and on that particular year the challenge was a team dance competition. The dance challenge will be translated into a 9 episode reality TV show. The Rexona â€Å"No Sweat Dance Challenge† program will be broadcasted at TV3 from 9th August 2007 onwards, on every Tuesday at 7pm. The dance team will get a chance to show off their dance talent on national TV watched by millions. Public relations build goodwill toward the business by raising Rexona Company’s profile in the public eye. Publicity is considered as free advertising. 6. Discuss the coordination between the advertisement and the promotion activity stated in Question 5 (8 marks). Both the advertising in the form of TV commercials and public relations through Rexona Ultimate Dance Challenge bring out the same message to the audience and the target market. Through effective public relation activities, Rexona manages to build a good name and reputation in the eyes of the society thus, with this strong idea of Rexona instilled in the mind of the society and the enhancement of advertising such as TV commercials, it creates a strong preference of Rexona products to the consumers. It can also be done the other way round which means through the effective advertising effort perform by Rexona and being boost up with the public relations activity tells the consumers the credibility of Rexona Company thus eliminates the skepticism of the society towards Rexona products. The advertisement on TV commercials and The Rexona Ultimate Dance Challenge is both targeted on the younger generation and to be more specifically on the teenagers who love to express their feelings through stuff like dancing and etc. The TV commercial intends to create the awareness and to inform the buyers the existence of the product and sometimes it is also through advertising that the buyer are influences to purchase Rexona product. However, nowadays, consumer are getting smarter and are not easily influenced by advertising strategies and techniques which are paid by the company themselves to promote their product thus, obviously the advertisement will promote the product without a single negative point. Hence, usually this is when other promotional mix activity plays their role indirectly in convincing consumers the reliability of Rexona’s product information as shown in advertisement through public relations. Strong public relations let it be in form of organizing events, sponsorship or community activity, the main objectives is to create the relationship with the society and in a way indirectly asking the society to accept Rexona product. Through organizing big events such as The Rexona Ultimate Dance Competition, Rexona shows the society the level and credibility of the company in organizing such an esteem event. Hence, it established a felling of confidence and loyalty by the consumers towards Rexona Company. Bibliography ?Rexona Ultimate Dance Challenge. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from unilever. com. my/ourcompany/newsandmedia/pressreleases/rexona_Ultimatedancechallenge. asp ? Rexona Unilever. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from nilever. com/ourbrands/personalcare/Rexona. asp ? How to Established A Promotional Mix. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from esmalloffice. com/SBR_template. cfm? DocNumber=PL12_3600. htm ? Rexona. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rexona ? Rexona Teens Bedroom. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from youtube. com/watch? v=Sq_cUGG8bWE ? Malaysia Rexona Commercial. Retrieved on 10th September 2008, from youtube. com/watch? v=EJaoHJYU4mI

The 12 Hardest SAT Writing Questions Ever

The 12 Hardest SAT Writing Questions Ever SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You’ve been studying hard, and now the time has come to really test what you have mastered! Are you ready to try out 12 of the toughest questions to grace the new SAT Writing and Language section? I've combed all the official practicetests to find the absolute hardest SAT Writing questions. If you get all of these right, you're truly a master of this section. Why Should I Care About the Hardest Questions? Knowing what to do when you hit tough questions is a key part of your test-taking strategy that you should work out ahead of time. Your target scores will help you determine what to do. 700 - 800 scorers Are you looking to score between a 700 and 800 on Reading and Writing? If so, these are the sorts of questions that you'll have to master in order to get your score where you want it to be. 500 - 600 scorers In contrast, if you are looking to score in the 500 – 600 range on Reading and Writing, you don't have to answer every question correctly on SAT Writing to hit your target score. So, if you're taking the test and run across a question as confusing as the ones listed below, you officially have permission to guess! Either way, good study strategies are your best bet for getting the score you want. Not sure how to start? Check out our guide to studying for the new SAT, and then read our complete explanation of all the grammar rules that the SAT Writing section will test. Don't worry, it's not as bad as it seems. Which Questions Are the Hardest? As a quick refresher, the SAT Writing and Language section asks multiple choice questions based on long reading passages. The questions test your understanding of grammar, punctuation, word choiceand idioms, and writing logic.For a full overview of all the grammar testedon the Writing SAT, see our guide. The College Board used to rank SAT questions according to difficulty, but they no longer do this. So how did I pick out the hardest questions? And what makes some questions harder than others? Even though the revised SAT no longer features trick questions, there are still many times when several of the answerchoices seem to be valid. Sometimes,this is because questions test several skills at the same time: apunctuation detailcombined with your ability to understand the logic of a passage, for instance, or a grammar rule combined with correct idiom usage. Other times, this is because questions make you simultaneously focus on a small sentence-level issue and a larger problem involving several paragraphs. Don’t worry, there are really only 12. Spoiler Alert Before I show you the hardest SAT Writing questions, I have towritea littlespoiler alert. These are real questions taken from the official full-length practice SAT tests.If you’re likely to remember them and their answers forever, then it's probably best for you to read the rest of this article after you’ve taken all the practice SATs. On to the Questions! These questionsrepresent a variety of concepts the SAT thinks students will struggle with the most. Remember: all of these questions come from long passages, since the entire Writing and Language section of the SAT is passage-based. Try them out and see how you do - if you really want to challenge yourself, limit your timing for each question to 40 seconds. Each question is followed by the answer and an explanation. Question 1 [1] The main environmental problem caused by the production of Greek yogurt is the creation of acid whey as a by-product. [2] Because it requires up to four times more milk to make than conventional yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is difficult to dispose of. [3] To address the problem of disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid whey. [4] They can add it to livestock feed as a protein supplement, and people can make their own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt. [5] If it is improperly introduced into the environment, acid-whey runoff can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of streams and rivers as it decomposes. [6] Yogurt manufacturers, food scientists; and government officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed A) where it is now.B) after sentence 1.C) after sentence 2.D) after sentence 3. The Challenge The main goal of this question is to see if you can figure out how a paragraph should flow logically. What makes it hardisthat two of the answers (B and C) seem equally logically plausible. Answer C Explanation In a paragraph, each sentence should introduce a little bit of new information, using what previous sentences said to push the point of the passage a little bit further. Leaving the sentence where it is (answer A), or putting it after Sentence 3 (answer D) would make the paragraph sequence illogical. You’d suddenly be back to talking about acid whey in the environment after you’ve already explained how it can be disposed of properly. It’s very tempting to put Sentence 5 after Sentence 1 (answer B). It seems plausible because Sentence 1 lays out the idea that acid whey is a problem, so ostensibly Sentence 5 could come next and spell out what the problem with acid whey actually is. Butthis is not thebest place. You have to firstexplainthat there is an overabundance of acid whey, and that it's difficult to dispose of it. Only then is it an ideal timeto introduce the concept of â€Å"acid whey runoff.† So, putting Sentence 5 after Sentence 2 (correct answer C) usesinformation introduced in Sentence 2 and sets up what follows in Sentence 3, yielding this logical sequence: Sentence 2 explains why acid whey is a bigger problem for Greek yogurt. Sentence 5 explainshow damaging acid whey can be if it’s allowed to enter the environment Sentence 3 sets up the different ways of disposing of acid whey. Yogurt: delicious in parfaits, apparently deadly for the environment. Question 2 Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer, following several weeks of higher temperatures. For example, in the summer of 2012, virtually the entire Greenland Ice Sheet underwent thawing at or near its surface by mid-July, the earliest date on record. A) NO CHANGEB) However,C) As such,D) Moreover, The Challenge This question is checking whether you understand how to use conjunctive adverbs, which are words that show how two sentences or two parts of one sentence connect to one another. It’s very hard to seethe two sentences actually relate when reading them througha potentially wrong conjunction. Answer B Explanation One trick is just to cover up the conjunction that’s been put there, and read the two sentences without it. This way you can focus on the information that’s being presented and make up your own mind about how to make sense of the logical flow of this information. In this case, we first get a sentence that explains what happens most of the time: usually snow melts in late summer.Then we get a sentence that contradicts the earlier one: in 2012, snow melted veryearly on. This means we need to find a conjunctive adverb that shows that the second sentence is an exception to the rule. â€Å"For example† (answer A) means that what follows will demonstrate the rule, rather than break it. That’s not what’s happening here, so this is not the right choice. â€Å"As such† (answer C) has to do with defining what just came previously. "As such" means, â€Å"given the definition of the thing just mentioned, here is an associated property of that thing.† But, we are not defining, but are showing how a pattern has been broken, so this is the wrong choice. â€Å"Moreover† (answer D) means â€Å"in addition to, and potentially more convincingly,† and is used to add emphasis to an example or an argument. We aren’t doing that here, so this answer is incorrect. â€Å"However† (correct answer C) is a conjunctive adverb that introduces a statement/idea that contradicts what has just been said, which is exactly what we need to do in this case. At this rate, our only source of polar ice will be old stock photographs. Question 3 Also, studies have found that those students who major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and analytical writing. These results can be measured by standardized test scores. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? A) writing asB) writing, and these results can beC) writing, which can also beD) writing when the results are The Challenge This question is testing your editing skills.In particular, it’s checking your ability to know when cutting something out is actually better than leaving more information in. The challenge here is that because the wordâ€Å"results† occurs both in the original textandin two of the answer choices, it seems like a key piece of the sentence. Instead, it's a red herring. Answer A Explanation The secret to good editing is understanding the context. Here, we need to reread the two sentences to see what information we actually have. In this case, there areno results mentioned in the first of these twosentences. What we do have is information about studies that show philosophy students performing better. But this better performanceis not a â€Å"result† – it isn't a goal reached after a specific course of action. In other words, although philosophy students perform better, they didn't study philosophy in order to get better test scores. This means answers B and D are out. Answer C is wrong because of the word â€Å"also.† This word seems to point to the testing being an additional example or piece of evidence – but there is nothing for it to be in addition to. So, the right answer A is also the most economical, the one that removes everything that clouds the sentence’s meaning. Plato and Socrates recommend at least tenyears of philosophy grad school for optimal standardized test performance. Question 4 The share of library materials that is in nonprint formats [1] is increasing steadily; in 2010, at least 18.5 million e-books were available for circulation. At point [1], the writer is considering adding the following information. - e-books, audio and video materials, and online journals- Should the writer make this addition here? A) Yes, because it provides specific examples of the materials discussed in the sentence.B) Yes, because it illustrates the reason for the increase mentioned later in the sentence.C) No, because it interrupts the flow of the sentence by supplying irrelevant information.D) No, because it weakens the focus of the passage by discussing a subject other than librarians. The Challenge The SAT is full of these decision-tree editing questions, which ask you not only about correctly identifying editing changing, but also about justifying your answer. This question is hard because two of the answers (answers A and B) seem plausible, since putting a list in dashes can either put an explanation or a set of examples into a sentence. Answer A Explanation Answer C is wrong becausethere’s nothing irrelevant about the added text. The sentence and the addition are both talking about the kinds of materials available at the library. Answer D is also wrong – the passage as a whole is not specifically about librarians, so there is no reason that this insertion would have to be. To eliminate answer B, we have to realize that the added text doesn’t give areason. Providing a list of types of materials doesn't explain why there are so many e-Books. Instead, the added textsupplies a definition for thenon-obvious term â€Å"nonprint formats,† by giving a list of examples that fall under this nonprint category. This means answer A iscorrect. Nonprint, huh. How long until we no longer think of bookshelves when we say the word "library"? Question 5 The first time I visited the Art Institute of Chicago, I expected to be impressed by its famous large paintings. For example, I couldn’t wait to view painter, Georges Seurat’s, 10-foot-wide A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte in its full size. A) NO CHANGEB) painter, Georges Seurat’sC) painter Georges Seurat’s,D) painter Georges Seurat’s The Challenge To get this one right, you have to knowhow to punctuate modifiers.A modifier is a piece of a sentence that is used to explain, define, or clarify some other part of the sentence. What makes this one hard is figuring out whether this modifier is necessary to the sentence or not. Answer D Explanation Modifiers come in two flavors. Some are so necessary to the sentence that it would lose its meaning without them; these don't get set off by commas. Others are not crucial for the sentence to make sense; theydo get surrounded by commas. In this case, the modifier is â€Å"George Seurat.† Now ask yourself – is this piece of information necessary to make the sentence work? One trick is to read the sentence without the modifier to see if the sentence still makes sense. Here,we’d just be left with the strange formulation â€Å"I couldn’t wait to view painter’s 10-foot-wide A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.†That is clearly not correct, since you need the name George Seurat to make the word "painter" have any meaning.This means that the modifier "George Seurat" is crucial. Since answers B and C neither surround the modifier with commas nor take them all out, they both are incorrect. Crucial modifiers don’t get set off by commas, so the right answer is D, the one that leaves the commas out. Here is what that giant painting looks like, by the way. Question 6 It has long been known that the sea otters living along the West Coast of North America help keep kelp forests in their habitat healthy and vital. They do this by feeding on sea urchins and other herbivorous invertebrates that graze voraciously on kelp. With sea otters to keep the population of sea urchins in check, kelp forests can flourish. In fact, even two years or less of sea otter presence can reduce the sea urchin threat in a coastal area. Without sea otters present, however, kelp forests run the danger of becoming barren stretches of coastal wasteland known as urchin barrens. What was less well-known, until recently at least, was how this relationship among sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp forests might help fight global warming. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased 40 percent. A recent study by two professors at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Chris Wilmers and James Estes, suggests that kelp forests protected by sea otters can absorb as much as twelve times the amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as those where sea urchins are allowed to devour the kelp. A) NO CHANGEB) dispatchC) overindulge onD) dispose of The Challenge Words that seem similar but have crucial differences in meaning are at the heart of this tricky question.From the context, it’s clear that the word has to have something to do with making less of something – but since all of the word choice options carry this connotation, it’s challenging to figure out which one fits best. Answer A Explanation â€Å"Dispatch† means to send away, or to deal with efficiently. The kelp is certainly going away, but the sea urchins aren’t sending it anywhere, so this (answer B) is not the right word. â€Å"Overindulge on† can mean overeat. The sea urchins are certainly eating the kelp, so answer Cis a tempting choice. However, â€Å"overindulge† carries a moral judgment with – it’s describing an action that is being done despite the knowledge that doing so much of it is wrong. The sea urchins aren’t equipped to deal with right and wrong – and they also aren’t overeating the kelp. They are eating as much as is in their nature to eat. So, scratch that answer. â€Å"Dispose of† is another tempting word choice. It means â€Å"to get rid of,† which is definitely what is happening to the kelp at the hands of the sea urchins. Answer Dcould arguably fit into the sentence without a problem, except that we have a word that is even better. â€Å"Devour† means to eat copious amounts of in a short time.This exactly describes what the sea urchins do, so answer A is undoubtedly the best choicein this context. Not only does it mean just what the passage needs it to mean, but it also echoes a piece of the previous paragraph, where the sea urchins were described as â€Å"invertebrates that graze voraciously on kelp.† Graze voraciously = devour. If the only other option is picking these horrific-looking things up by hand, I say let the sea otters have at them. Question 7 Circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the bodies biological clocks, influence body temperature, hormone release, cycles of sleep and wakefulness, and other bodily functions. A) NO CHANGEB) bodies’ biological clocks’,C) body’s biological clocks,D) body’s biological clock’s, The Challenge At the heart of this question is knowing how to properly make nouns into plurals and possessives, and when to use one or the other.What makes this sentence doubly confusingis that when you say the sentence out loud, clearly both nouns - "body" and "clock" - need to end in anâ€Å"s† sound. Answer C Explanation To figure outwhether nouns should be plural, possessive, or both, you have to understandthe context of a passage. Here, thesentence is explaining how circadian rhythms affect the human body. Because we are speaking in general terms, the word â€Å"body† should be singular.That means that the original wording (answer A) is wrong: â€Å"bodies† is the plural form of â€Å"body.† Answers B iswrong for the same reason: â€Å"bodies’ † is the plural possessive of â€Å"bodies,† meaning â€Å"belonging to several bodies.† So, what belongs to the human body in the sentence? Several timing mechanisms called biological clocks.Does anything belong to these clocks? No. Thus, answer D is wrong: â€Å"clock’s† the possessive form of â€Å"clock,† meaning â€Å"belong to a clock.† The right answer C uses the singular possessive form of the word â€Å"body† and the regular plural form of the word â€Å"clock†: "body’s biological clocks," meaning "the clocks that belong to a generic human body." Some adorable circadian rhythms at work. Question 8 In 1883, he placed an advertisement seeking educated, well-mannered, articulate young women between the ages of 18 and 30. Response to the advertisement was overwhelming, even tremendous, and Harvey soon replaced the male servers at his restaurants with women. A) NO CHANGEB) Response to the advertisement was overwhelming,C) Overwhelming, even tremendous, was the response to the advertisement,D) There was an overwhelming, even tremendous, response to the advertisement, The Challenge One of the things that the SAT tests is your understanding of redundancy, wherethe same piece of information or description is needlessly repeated. What makes this question complicated is the way the original passage is punctuated, and the fact that three of the answer choices contain both original adjectives, making it seem like these adjectives are important to the sentence. Answer B Explanation Setting off the word â€Å"tremendous† with commas, and modifying it with the intensifier "even,† makes it sound as if the word â€Å"overwhelming† doesn’t fullyconvey the enthusiasm of the women answering the ad. This can lead you to think that you need the phrase â€Å"even tremendous† to really sell how gung ho women were to work for Harvey. In reality, â€Å"overwhelming† and â€Å"tremendous† both mean â€Å"surprisingly large and robust,† so using both is repetitive. Thus, the correct answer is B, which is the only choice that deletes the repeating (redundant) adjective. Harvey House: basically the Hooters of 19th century America. Question 9 The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, one of Russia’s greatest art museums, has long had a productive partnership with a much loved animal: the cat. For centuries, cats have guarded this famous museum, ridding it of mice, rats, and other rodents that could damage the art, not to mention scared off visitors. A) NO CHANGEB) scaringC) scareD) have scared The Challenge Here, the challenge comes in two parts.First, you have to be able to recognize the grammar of parallel structures.And second, you have to know how to match verb tenses inside a sentence. Answer C Explanation There are many different verbs in the sentence, so the first thing to do is the figure out who is doing the action of the verb in question – the cats or the rodents. Who or what is doing the scaring? The cats heredo two things: they guard the museum, and they rid it of pests.This means that it’s the mice and rats that scare visitors. After realizing this, we can see that the phrase â€Å"not to mention† sets up our parallel construction: rodents could do (verb 1) one thing, not to mention do (verb 2) another thing.This means that verbs 1 and 2 have to be in the same tense and form. Verb 1 is in the present tense: â€Å"damage.† So the matching version of verb 2 has to be answerC, â€Å"scare.† Then they'll have to get dogs to catchthe cats, then goats to catch the dogs, then cows to catch the goats... all in the museumthat Catherine the Great built. Question 10 At the same time, a social and civil rights movement for Mexican Americans was working to raise awareness of Mexican American cultural identity. Artists associated with this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros. A) NO CHANGEB) itC) themD) this movement The Challenge To get this question right, you have to have a solid grasp of pronouns and their antecedents, the nouns that pronouns stand in for. This question is hard because the problem with this pronoun isn't agreement (the usual pronoun/antecedent issue), but instead clarity. Answer D Explanation If there are too many nouns that could be a particular pronoun’s antecedent, then that pronoun needs to be replaced with a noun for clarity. That is the problem with this passage: in theory, the pronounâ€Å"this† could refer to: â€Å"cultural identity,† â€Å"awareness,† or â€Å"social and civil rights movement.† So leaving it as is (answer A) doesn't fix the problem. Replacing â€Å"this† with â€Å"it† (answer B) isn't a good solution– like the original "this," the pronoun â€Å"it† could also haveany one of those nouns as its antecedent. Replacing â€Å"this† with â€Å"them† (answer C) creates a logical problem. The antecedent of "them" would be "Mexican Americans," which would mean that the artists being discussed were associated with themselves. The right choice, answer D, is simply to add a clarifying noun to the confusing pronoun. Writing that the artists were associated with â€Å"this movement† simplifies the sentence and allows the passage to flow. One ofSiqueiros's murals,"El Pueblo a la Universidad, la Universidad al Pueblo." Question 11 The designer envisions the game’s fundamental elements: the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique, and is thus a primary creative force behind a video game. A) NO CHANGEB) elements: the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique- C) elements- the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique- D) elements; the settings, characters, and plots that make each game unique; The Challenge One of the things the SAT tests is how to punctuate explanations.This question is hard because it mixes up twodifferent kinds of explanatory punctuation styles: dashes and colons. Answer C Explanation Different kinds of explanations are punctuated in different ways. In this case, the structure of the sentence is: designer makes game elements + list of game elements + this means the designer is the game creator When we lay it out this way, we can see that the bit in the middle (the list of game elements) is an explanatory modifierfor the vague term â€Å"game’s fundamental elements.† This modifiernot crucial to the sentence, since the sentence will make perfect sense without it. Instead, it's a parenthetical aside that clarifies something. The original punctuation (answer A) and the punctuation in answer B focus on the list aspect of the modifier. You can tell because each suggests introducing the set of game elements with a colon. This would work fine if the list ended with a period, but since it doesn’t, these options are out. Answer D suggests using semi-colons to set off the examples. However, semi-colons are either for separating lists where a single list item has commas in it (not the case here), or for separating independent clauses (also not the case here). So answer D is wrong. Answer C fixes the sentence by setting off the set of examples with dashes, which are basically like parentheses you can wrap around a piece of a sentence that interrupts the main train of thought. The brilliant minimalist design of Minecraft makes every player the creative force behind the game. Question 12 Some people buy organic food because they believe organically grown crops are more nutritious and safer for consumption than the people who purchase their conventionally grown counterparts, which are usually produced with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. A) NO CHANGEB) the purchase ofC) purchasingD) DELETE the underlined portion. The Challenge This question is checking to see whether you can spot an illogical comparison. However, the answer choices make it seem as though this is actually a question about the correct form of the word "purchase." Answer D Explanation One trick to remember is that the word "than" announces that a comparison is about to happen. This is your cue to check whether the sentence is setting up an illogical comparison. In this case, the sentence is trying tocompareorganic and conventional food, which means that conventional food has to immediately follow the wordâ€Å"than.† The original text(answer A) is worded so that it incorrectly compares â€Å"organically grown crops† with â€Å"people who purchase.† This doesn't make sense, so the sentence can't be left as is. Answers B and C change the comparison, but stillends up comparing â€Å"organic crops† with â€Å"the purchase† or the act of "purchasing." You can compare crops with a purchase, sothese answers are out. Correct answer D, however, eliminates the problem and fixes the sentence so that like is compared with like: â€Å"organically grown crops are more nutritious and safer for consumption than their conventionally grown counterparts.† Conventional, organic - once you throw them on the grill, it's all good. The Bottom Line The hardest questions on the SAT Writing and Language section are challenging because they: test several grammar, editing, or punctuation skills at once have two or more very plausible answer choices have answer choices that make it look like the question is testing one concept, when it's really testing something totally different Oneway to work through these difficult parts of the test is to cover up the answer choices (including the original text), and read the parts of the passage that aren't in question. This way, you can form your own uninfluenced opinion about: the logical progression of the passage's argument the way the different sentences, or the different parts of one sentence, relate to one another how you would fill in the missing piece Then, you can find the answer choice that most closely matches your own thoughts, rather than being led astray by working backwards from the answer choices. What’s Next? Did you make any mistakes?If so, you can use these problems to help pinpoint the areas you struggle with and focus your studying to get a great score on SAT Writing. Want to learn other strategies for SAT Writing?Check out our articles on improving your score, getting a perfect score, and how best to study. Want to improve your overall SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. 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Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Company Law - Essay Example Scholars denote that because a business organization is incorporated, then the assets of these people are protected from seizures by creditors of the company. That is, the owners of the business under consideration are not liable for the liabilities of the company2. It is also easy for the owners of the company to raise capital through the stock market; it is simple to transfer the ownership of this company to another individual, the tax charged on a company is lower as compared to a personal income, and finally, a company that is incorporated is able to achieve a lenient tax restriction, on losses that are carried forward. The Company’s Act of 2006 provides for the issuance of an article of incorporation once a company is incorporated. This article of incorporation is responsible for identifying the main purpose of the company, the location of the company, the number of shares issued by the company, etc. This article of incorporation will also contain the specific date of the company’s registration, and the fees paid for the incorporation. It is important to understand that majority of companies are created for the main purpose of doing business. This is an aspect that the British parliament wants to encourage, and this is because the existence of many companies in Britain will lead to an improvement in the economy of the country, and creation of jobs. However, it is important to understand that doing business is a risky affair, and a business organization might fail, or it may acquire some profits3. This acquisition of profits is the major incentive that makes people to engage in a business initiative. It is important to understand that the common law principle denotes that an individual who provides capital for a business operation, and is responsible for sharing the profits that the business makes, is also liable for any debts that the business under